Nobel Laureate Chemist. He was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research of the three-dimensional structure of viruses and other particles that are combinations of nucleic acids and proteins and for the development of crystallographic electron microscopy. He was taken by his parents from Lithuania to South Africa when he was three years old. He entered the University of the Witwatersrand at Johannesburg, where he intended to study medicine, but ended up with a degree in science. He then began a doctoral program in crystallography at the University of Cape Town but left with a master’s degree upon receiving a fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, where he completed his doctorate in 1953. He later accepted a research fellowship at Birkbeck College of the University of London, beginning the study of the structure of tobacco mosaic virus and other viruses. His discoveries were made in conjunction with his own development of the techniques of crystallographic electron microscopy, whereby series of electron micrographs, taken of two-dimensional crystals from different angles, can be combined to produce three-dimensional images of particles. His method has been widely used to study proteins and viruses. It was this research that later earned him the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1958, he became director of the Virus Structure Research Group at Birkbeck. Four years later, he returned to Cambridge as a staff member of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He served as director of the lab from 1986 to 1996 and later was emeritus scientist at the laboratory until his retirement in 2012. During this time, he also served as president of the Royal Society from 1995 to 2000. He was knighted in 1988. Besides the Nobel Prize, he also earned various other honors and awards for his career work.