Russian Royalty, Governor of Poland. He was the second son of Russia Czar Paul I and his wife Maria Feodorovna. After his older brother Alexander, the Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich Romanov was the second in line as Tsarevich or heir apparent of all of Russia. For 25 days after Alexander's death, he was known as His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia, yet never reigned and never acceded to the throne. Of the four sons of Paul I, he resembled his father the most as he was short and stout and, sadly to say, he was like his father mentally too. His grandmother, Catherine II the Great, personally supervised his and older brother Alexander's education with detailed instructions in a special document entitled "Instruction for the Education of My Grandsons". Although he had no desire to be married, his marriage was arranged for political reasons. He was only sixteen years old when he and a beautiful, naïve fourteen-year-old bride, Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, were married on February 26, 1796. The bride, who was a descendent from several European thrones, had to change her name to Anna Fyodorovna in a Russian Orthodox baptismal ceremony. Since he did not love her, they were incompatible to the point that he was not kind to her. By claiming poor health, his unhappy wife left him three years later and by 1801 had permanently returned to her homeland of Germany. Since he and his family refused to give her a divorce, this ill-fated marriage impacted her remaining life. Although she never could remarry, she had a daughter and a son, lived until she was 79, and her grave was simply marked "Julia-Anna" with her dates. Although not always successful in battles, he was a brave and passionate military leader. When Napoleon's French Army invaded Russian soil, he and Czar Alexander did not agree with how to deal with Napoleon as he would have been less aggressive than his brother. Gaining the reputation as a disorderly, loud bachelor, he was sent away from his military duties twice for his behavior. Trying to be perfect, he had a compulsive behavior of practicing marching in his room by himself at night. He took part in the Russian campaigns of 1807, 1812, 1813, and 1814 against Napoleon. After the victory over Napoleon, he was appointed by Alexander I to the Congress of Poland as de facto Viceroy, then later the of Commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and of Lithuanian troops. He proved that he had liberal, poor management skills and was disliked by his troops. On March 20, 1820, his first marriage was annulled, and two months later, he married the Polish Countess Joanna Grudzińska, who was given the title of Her Serenity Duchess of Lowicz. This was considered a morganatic marriage, hence no heir to the Russian throne would come from this marriage. Since he was contented with his life in Poland, he did not desire to be the Czar of Russia, formally declaring that in January of 1822. At the death of Alexander I in 1825, he was declared Czar of Russia for a few days before his younger brother Nicholas accepted the position. A confused Russian population became unsettled during this time with the failed Decembrist Revolt, which was a group wanting him to be czar instead of Nicholas. Later, he and Czar Nicholas disagreed over foreign policy when Nicholas wanted the Polish army to participate in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828. He would have supported Poland being a sovereign country. From 1815 to 1830, he served as the Governor of Poland, but the Poles disliked him calling him a tyrant, rebelling and attempting to assassinate him. The attempted assassination precipitated the November of 1830 insurrection in Warsaw, or the November Uprising. Eventually, his Polish Army sided with the rebels. He died of Cholera before the revolt was resolved. In Polish history and literature he is painted as a dark, hated ruler. He had no heirs.