U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice, U.S. Secretary of Labor and United Nations (UN) Ambassador. He served as the 9th Secretary of Labor from January 1961 to September 1962, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice from September 1962 until July 1965, and the 6th U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1965 until 1968. Born Arthur Joseph Goldberg to Russian-Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents, he was the youngest of eight children. He graduated from Carter Harrison Technical High School at age 16 and attended Crane Junior College (now Malcolm X College) and DePaul University, both in Chicago. In 1926, he began his legal studies at the Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago where he was the editor-in-chief of the Illinois Law Review (now known as the Northwestern University Law Review) and received a Bachelor of Science in Law in 1929 and a Doctor of Juridical Science the following year. He then taught at the John Marshall Law School in Chicago from the 1930s through the 1950s. He became a prominent labor lawyer, representing striking Chicago newspaper workers on behalf of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1938. During World War II (WWII), he served in an espionage group operated by the Office of Strategic Services, the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. After World War II, he was appointed general counsel to the CIO in 1948 and served as a negotiator and chief legal adviser in the merger of the American Federation of Labor and CIO in 1955. He also served as general counsel of the United Steelworkers of America. In 1961, he was appointed by President John F. Kennedy as the Secretary of Labor and the following year, Kennedy nominated him as an associate justice to the U.S. Supreme Court. His best-known opinion came in the case of Griswold versus Connecticut (1965), arguing that the 9th Amendment supported the existence of an unenumerated right of privacy. However, his most influential move on the Supreme Court involved the death penalty. He argued in a 1963 internal Supreme Court memorandum that imposition of the death penalty was condemned by the international community and should be regarded as "cruel and unusual punishment" and violated the 8th Amendment. In 1965, he was persuaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson to resign his seat on the Supreme Court to replace the recently deceased Adlai Stevenson as the U.S. Ambassador to the UN. In 1967, he was a key drafter of Resolution 242, which followed the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and the Arab states. While interpretation of that resolution has subsequently become controversial, he was very clear that the resolution does not obligate Israel to withdraw from all of the captured territories. In 1968, he resigned as U.S. Ambassador to the UN over his frustration with the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and became a senior partner in the New York law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison. In 1970, he ran for Governor of New York against incumbent Republican Nelson Rockefeller but lost by 700,000 votes. He then returned to law practice in Washington, D.C. and served as President of the American Jewish Committee. In 1972, he returned to the Supreme Court as a lawyer, representing Major League Baseball (MLB) player Curt Flood in the case of Flood versus Kuhn (MLB Commissioner Bowie Kuhn). Under President Jimmy Carter, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the Belgrade Conference on Human Rights in 1977 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1978. He died at the age of 81.